THE PRIMARY ENGINE FOR TECTONIC ACTIVITY IN THE EARTH IS CHANDLER’S WOBBLE. The gravity vectors of the Sun and the Moon combine with the Earth’s (collectively the EMS system) to induce a chattering in the spinning of the Earth’s crust. This chattering, known as Chandler’s Wobble, keeps the spin axis of the Earth (the North and South Poles) in constant motion and causes it to move in a small circle around an average point which slowly drifts. The size of the circle of motion varies from 1.5 to 15 meters in a 6.5 year cycle which Mandeville named the Primary Axis Cycle. This constant variation in the motion of the crust causes the opposite sides of the Earth’s crust to continuously expand and contract against each other. This forces a continual process of shape-shifting (alteration of the Earth’s shape primarily in the equatorial zone) in accordance with the 6.5 cycle. As the size of the circle of motion increases, greater and greater expansion and contraction forces are exerted on the tectonic plates (continents) of the Earth and these forces increase the relative motions of the continents. The results include continental drift, earthquakes, volcanism, most mountain building, and most of the major structural features of the Earth.

EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IS INDUCED BY THE MOTION OF THE SPIN AXIS. The occurrence of both earthquakes and volcanic activity directly and obviously correlate to the motions and locations of the pole as it chatters through the 14 month and 6.5 year cycles of Chandler’s Wobble. The waveforms created by these cycles (defined as the X and Y Waves) in Chandler’s wobble directly induce earthquakes and volcanic activity and this fact in principle makes possible the prediction of the most probable "windows" for major seismic activity for any area. Mandeville demonstrated this finding with a large number of charts and graphs which correlated earthquake and volcanic activity in various parts of the Earth with the X & Y Waves in Chandler’s Wobble.

EL NINO IS DIRECTLY INDUCED BY THE 6.5 YEAR PRIMARY AXIS CYCLE IN CHANDLER’S WOBBLE. Correlations of the last 100 years of volcanic activity with plots of the motion of the North Pole (the X Wave Plots) and the years of the El Nino weather syndrome (ENSO) conclusively demonstrate strong relationships. The rhythm of volcanic activity in major arcs and groups of volcanoes directly reflects the tempo of the Primary Axis Cycle. The El Nino (ENSO) phenomenon parallels the rhythm of volcanic activity and it usually commences at the same cyclical moment in the repeat upswing of the 6.5 year Primary Axis Cycle. Accordingly, in principle, the El Nino onset periods are predictable. More probable than not, the ENSO weather pattern is caused by the motion of the crust relative to the axis. As the crust moves over the North Spin Axis, the resulting contractions and expansions on opposite sides in the crust of the Earth in the equatorial zone increase or decrease the flux of volcanic heat into the great rift cracks on the bottoms of the oceans. The increase in heat increases the temperature of the ocean water to produce El Nino. The decrease in heat induces La Nina.

ANOMALOUS 50 YEAR TREND OF INCREASE IN TECTONIC ACTIVITY. The current progressive movement of the average location of the spin axis (at a rate of 10.8 cm per year) since ~1900 appears to be inducing a major escalation of earthquake activity and volcanism. The number of earthquakes has increased by a factor of at least 4 times during the past 50 years and the total number of active volcano days per year has also risen by about 4 times. This implies that the current drift in the location of the pole is not historically normal and demonstrates an increased level of imbalance in the spin mass of the Earth.

THE "GLOBAL WARMING" PHENOMENA IS DIRECTLY CAUSED BY UNDERWATER VOLCANISM. The geophysical record is clear, as seismic and volcanic levels have increased, global warming has increased. The evidence of coupling to human activity and so-called greenhouse gases remains very weak, inconclusive, and politically controversial, primarily because of the non-linear relationships between the variables. However, there is a direct, simple, observable, linear connection between the huge increase in volcanism and the growing "global warming" symptoms.

VORTEX TECTONICS PARADIGM FOR EARTH DYNAMICS. Correlations between earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the motion of the spin axis establish and prove the basis for a new paradigm of Earth dynamics which Mandeville named "Vortex Tectonics". It is a superior paradigm for explaining the dynamics in the Earth which have created the various geological features and propel the steadily moving tectonic plates of the continents and the ocean bottoms. In one sentence, vortex tectonics is the finding that most motions of the crust, both as a unitary shell and as individual continental plates, are induced directly but complexly from the relationships between the Sun and the orbital motions of the Moon and the whole Earth. Additional motion is induced by the solar flux and the forcing of "centrifugal balance" by the Earth’s own spin.. This paradigm provides an entirely new basis for doing geology, geophysics, volcanology, seismology, and climatology. In principle, both volcanic and earthquake activity in aggregate is regularly predictable within vortexian "windows". In the same way that plate tectonics succeeded static geology because of a superior grasp of the breadth of geological phenomena, vortex tectonics will be adapted because it consistently and comprehensively explains how plate tectonics in fact works. The new paradigm will ultimately succeed because it provides a basis for predicting major occurrences of tectonic activity, a power which eluded 20th century science and the types of geological reasoning which were prevalent during the last few decades.